1, the butterfly effect: the 70s of last century, an American meteorologist named Lorenz system theory in the interpretation of the air, said that occasionally the Amazon rain forest a butterfly wing vibration, and perhaps will lead to Texas in two weeks a tornado in the state.
butterfly effect is that the very small changes in initial conditions continued to enlarge after its future status will cause a very great difference. Little things can be confusing, and some small things, such as amplified by the system, then an organization, a country is very important, not confused.
2, frog phenomenon: a frog into hot water directly into the pot, because of its adverse reactions are very sensitive environment, will quickly jump out of pot outside. If you put a frog into a pot of cold water and slowly heated, the frog will not immediately jump out of the pot, the water temperature gradually increased the ultimate outcome is to be boiled frog died because the water temperature so high that when the frog can not stand It was too late, or is unable to jump out the pot outside.
frog phenomenon tells us that a number of mutation events, they often cause people to alert, and prone to cause deadly it is to feel good in the case of self- , on the actual situation deteriorating, there is no clear detection.
3, crocodile Rule: The intent is to assume that a crocodile bite your feet, if you hand to try to break your legs, crocodiles will also bite live your feet and hands. The more you struggle, the more to be bitten. So, if crocodile bite your feet, your only way is to sacrifice one foot.
example, in the stock market, crocodiles rule is: when you find yourself trading in the direction away from the market, must immediately stop, without any delay and shall not have any luck.
4, catfish effect: In the past, the survival rate of sardines during transport very low. After it was found that if put a catfish in the sardines, the situation is somewhat improved, the survival rate will be greatly improved. This is why it?
had catfish in to a strange environment, to will be tension, accelerate the swimming. This problem is solved hypoxia sardines, and sardines, will not die.
5, herding: sheep where to go, where to go behind the sheep to follow .
herding stock investment was first a term mainly refers to the investors in the transaction process in learning and imitation phenomenon, the same period the stock sale.
6, hedgehogs rule: two sleepy hedgehog, as cold and owned together. may be because their body is long with spines, so they left some distance, but can not stand the cold So get together. After a frustrating, two hedgehogs has finally found a suitable distance: not only the warmth of mutual access to each other without getting windshield.
hedgehog law mainly refers to interpersonal relationships in the more accurate time, so they will watch the people lose confidence in accurate time.
watch law in business management gives us a very intuitive inspiration, is the same person or an organization can not use the same two different methods, can not set two different goals, and even each individual can not be two people to simultaneously command, or will the business or personal loss.
8, the broken windows theory: a house if the window is broken, No one to fix it, repeat it soon, other windows will be broken somehow; a wall, if there had not been washed a number of graffiti, and soon, the walls covered with a mess on, unsightly things; a clean place, people are embarrassed to rubbish, litter on the ground but once there, the people will not hesitate to throw, did not feel ashamed.
9, twenty-eight law (Pareto's law): 19th century 20th century the beginning of the Italian economist Pareto that in any group of things, the most important and only a small portion, about 20%, though the majority of the remaining 80%, but it is secondary. approximately 80% of social 20% of the wealth concentrated in the hands, while 80% of people with only 20% of the social wealth. This statistical imbalance in the social, economic and life everywhere, this is the twenty-eight law.
twenty-eight law Tell us, do not mean to analyze, process and look at the problem, business and management to seize the vital few; to identify those who can provide a 80% profit, but only 20% of the total key customers to enhance services to achieve a multiplier effect; business leaders to work seriously on the classification analysis, it is necessary to solve the main effort on key issues, focus on major projects.
10, bucket theory: the composition of the board if the length of the barrel is not Qi, then the bucket of water is not determined Sheng was the longest piece of wood, but it depends on the shortest piece of wood.
11, Matthew: : the concept to describe the areas of social life in common polarization.
1, bird cage hanging a pretty Logic
cage in the room where the most prominent, a few days, the owner will be to make one of the following two options: throw away the cage, or buy back on a bird cage. This is the cage logic. The process is simple, imagine you are the owner of the room, as long as people entered the room , see the cage, they can not help but ask you: What do you want a cage? thinking. so visible in the life and work to cultivate logical thinking how important it is.
2, the broken windows effect
psychology there is a phenomenon called the windows broken, no one to fix it, soon separated, the other windows will be broken somehow; a wall, some graffiti if not cleansed, and soon, on the wall covered with a mess of things unsightly . a very clean place, people would be embarrassed taking out the trash, but once the litter on the ground appears, people will not hesitate to throw, did not feel ashamed. It was very strange phenomenon.
Psychologists It is this > any bad thing, if you do not block out at the beginning, the formation of culture, change can get rid of, just like the bank, a small gap is not timely repair, dams can collapse, causing the loss of millions of times.
fact, crime is the result of disorder, the New York City in the 80s when the rush is really everywhere, every day not to kill, in broad daylight to be afraid of walking in the street. not to mention the subway, car dirty, dirty plastered everywhere sentence , sitting in the subway, feel insecure. although I have not been seized, but professors are people in broad daylight, struck a note Sap, blind, from the end of his research career, so I talk about for many years Tiger color, not alone to New York. New York city and the city recently raised a lot of reputation, so I am quite surprised that a city has been sinking, can escape from the dead, and to push.
Therefore, When I went out to meet, met a criminologist, one immediately to him for advice, the original New York City is the last book with the broken window effect in terms of theory, first to improve the criminal environment in which people not easy to crime, and then slowly Bu Dao-Hyde, return to order.
Although this approach was criticized as being slow, do not buy tickets white people who ride shackled with handcuffs in a row standing on the platform, open to the public declaration of the Government's determination to rectify and found very effective.
police found that people do not really compare the situation of crime in a clean , also found that fare evasion grasp rewarding, because each of those seven had a fare evasion was wanted, there is one in twenty to carry weapons, so the police are willing to grasp fare evasion very seriously, which makes criminals not fare evasion , did not dare go out with weapons, so as not worth the candle, runs the risk. This New York City from the smallest, the easiest place to proceed to break the criminal link of (chain), so this vicious cycle can not continue.
3, diffusion of responsibility effect
on at 15:20 on March 13, outside an apartment in New York before a man named Juno young women than the white bar at the end of the work between the assassination of the way home. When she was in despair shouted: shouting, the nearby residents and the light switch, the attackers then fled. when she thinks has nothing to do, go back to their home upstairs, the killer again appeared before her, to kill her on the stairs. In this process, , even though she cried for help, her neighbors, at least 38 to the window to watch, but no one to rescue her, no one even called the police. The matter caused a stir in New York society, but also caused the work of social psychology attention and thinking of those. It is considered a large number of bystanders neglecting the effects of the phenomenon known as diffusion of responsibility.
dispersion effect for the formation of liability reasons, psychologists have done a lot of experiments and surveys, found that : This phenomenon can not just say that all of the callous, or moral decay of the performance increased. Because on different occasions, people's acts of assistance there is a difference. When a person in an emergency situation, if only he can help, he would clearly aware of their responsibilities, to the victims to help. If he refused to help produce feelings of guilt, feelings of guilt, which requires paying a high psychological cost. And if the presence of so many people, The responsibility for seeking help from the help everyone to share, resulting in diffusion of responsibility, shared responsibility for each person few bystanders possibly even his own sense of responsibility that one can not, thereby creating a by others to save North Goodman noted historian. Parkinson through long-term research, write a book called There are three way, the first is to apply his resignation, the seat give competent people; second is to make a competent person to assist their work; third appointment of two levels lower than they were when the assistant. this first Zou Bude is absolutely a way, because that would lose many rights; second way can not go, because that would be capable of their opponents; seems that only a third way the most suitable. Thus, the two share the mediocre assistant his work, he is high above orders, they will not pose a threat to their rights. two assistants since the incompetent, they calling the shots, then two more for his inability to find an assistant. and so on, to form a body overstaffed, wrangling with each other, inefficient leadership system.
5, halo effect
famous Russian literary giant Pushkin Zengyin role halo effect suffered a great deal. He passionately in love with is called as She always covered their ears and said: duel for her death, a literary giant to fall prematurely. In Pushkin view, a beautiful woman is bound to have great wisdom and noble character, however, is not the case, a phenomenon known as the halo effect .
the so-called halo effect, that is, interpersonal communication, people who exhibit the characteristics of a particular aspect, cover the other features, resulting in interpersonal cognitive disorders. In everyday life, the ; often quietly influence our perception and evaluation of others. For instance, some disadvantage of the elderly individual young people, or dress, habits and find it unacceptable to think that they necessarily good for nothing; some young people as friends admire a thing about, you will see everywhere in his lovely, so-called First, it is easy to grasp the individual characteristics and habits of individual push and, just like Mangrenmoxiang as a point on behalf of the face; Second, it is not intrinsically linked to some of the personality or physical characteristics associated with, asserted that there is such there must be another kind of characteristic features; Third, it definitely said yes to all that bad on all the negative, this is a subjective bias by the absolute domination tendencies. In short, the halo effect is on human interpersonal communication a great psychological impact of cognitive impairment, we have contacts to try to avoid and overcome the side effects of halo effect.
6, Hawthorne effect (Hawthorne effect)
an experimenter effect on the psychology .20 century, 20-30 years, U.S. researchers at the Chicago Western Electric Company Hawthorne factory's working conditions, social factors and the relationship between production efficiency experimenter effect found in experiments, said Hawthorne effect.
the first experiment stage is from November 1924 began working conditions and the relationship between production efficiency, set to the experimental group and control group. Results matter to increase or control the illumination in the experimental group have increased yield, and the same illumination output of the control group also increased . In addition, tests of the wages paid, the coffee break time, the length of daily and weekly number of days of work and other factors, can not see these working conditions, there is a direct impact on production efficiency. The second phase of the trial by the Harvard Mayo led by university professor, focuses on social factors and the relationship between productivity and found that the production efficiency is mainly caused by the experimenter in the spirit of the great changes have taken place. participated in tests of workers were placed in special laboratory and led by researchers, the social situation has changed, the concerns from all sides, creating a feeling of participating, feel that they are an important part of the company, so that workers are motivated from a social point of respect, to promote increased production. < br> This effect tells us that when students or their attention or attention by the public, the study and will greatly increase the efficiency of communication. Therefore, in our daily life, we should learn to get along with others, understand what kind of behavior is students and teachers accepted and appreciated, and we live and learn in only continue to increase their good behavior, it may be more attention and appreciation, but also can make our learning progress, with confidence!
7, learned helplessness learned helplessness effects of experimental
earliest Overmyer and West Sigman found later in animal and human studies have been widely discussed. In short, many experiments show that trained , and a dog cross the barriers or engage in other behavior to avoid the shock the experimenter added to it. However, if the dog was not expected before (do not know when to come) and can not be controlled by electric shock (such as interruption of electric shock or does not depend on the dog's behavior), when the dog was the chance to escape electric shock, they become unable to escape. but the dog also showed other defects, such as frustration and depression, reduced motivation and so on.
The reason why the dog show this situation is due early in the experiment learned a sense of helplessness. That is, they realize that no matter what their own can not control the termination shock. In each experiment, the electric Strike termination are under the control of the experimenter, and the dog will recognize their inability to change the external control, to learn a sense of helplessness.
person who had learned helplessness to become a deep despair and sadness. Therefore, we should study and life in the open their eyes a little and see the real events behind the decision factors, do not make our own despair.
8, witness's memory
witness, in our understanding of where, usually to provide some objective evidence, that his own witness and hear the things people who speak out honestly. However, psychological research prove that the testimony of many witnesses are not very accurate, or that is a personal preference, with personal views and awareness.
witness testimony of their confidence and can not determine the accuracy of their testimony, this study the results surprising. psychologist Patricia fees can be special and Howard Springs decided that further study conclusions. In order to investigate whether the testimony of witness something special, they will witness memory and the memory of general knowledge were compared.
they make were shown a short video is about the kidnapping of a girl. The next day, to answer some of the subjects in the content of the video and asked them to give their answer degree of confidence, and then do a recognition memory test. Next, using the same methods, content and popular literature from the encyclopedia of general knowledge questions were selected.
the same place as before, Perot fees can be special and Howlin Adams also found that the accuracy of the witness recalled, those confident of their answers than those who do not actually have people who do not have confidence greater, but for general knowledge, the situation is not the case, people with high confidence in memories results were much better than the lack of confidence.
people in the general knowledge about their strengths and weaknesses have self-knowledge. Therefore, they tend to modify the test results for the confidence scale. general knowledge is a database of the individual room is shared, it has recognized the correct answer, you can take the measure of the subjects. For example, people will know that the issue of whether in sports or even almost better than others. However, the event is not witnessed such self-knowledge effects. For example, on the whole, they are unlikely to know the event than others, the participants in the memory area hair color better or worse.
9, American psychologist
Rosenthal effect Rosenthal, who in 1968 conducted a famous experiment. they go to a primary election in the three sixth grade classes of the children making a fuss of the the students on the list some months after the expected psychological .8, intelligence test results showed that again on the list a general increase in student achievement, teachers also gave their good conduct reviews. The experiment achieved miraculous results , It is considered by teachers to students the subtle psychological effects, so that teachers expect students to achieve the progress of the phenomenon, known as the Gema Li Weng is the ancient king of Cyprus in Greek mythology, he produced a statue of a girl he loved his desire to eventually make this into a real statue, the two fall in love with).
educational practice also shows that: if a teacher Loved some of the students, they will have high expectations, after a period of time, students feel the teachers care, love and encouragement; often positive attitude towards teachers, towards learning and their behavior towards the students more self-esteem, confidence, self-love, self-induce a kind of positive passion, these students often expect teachers to obtain progress. On the contrary, teachers who are ignored, discriminated against students from the teacher's discourse over time, manner, facial expressions of teachers felt But the trend is so, but it also sounded the alarm for teachers.
10, false share deviation (false consensus bias)
We usually believe that our love is the same with most people. If Do you like playing computer games, then it may overestimate the number of people like computer games. You will usually overestimate the students to vote on their favorite numbers, overestimate their own prestige in the population and leadership and so on. you this overestimated and the kinds of behaviors and attitudes you have the same tendency of the number of features is called at the time due to strong internal attribution;
(2) current behavior or events when a person is very important;
(3) When you are very sure of their point of view, or believe that the time;
(4) When your status or some kind of normal life and learning be threatened;
(5) When it comes to some kind of positive qualities or individuality;
(6) When you and other people as they are similar to time.
1, the butterfly effect: 70 years of last century, an American meteorologist named Lorenz system theory in the interpretation of the air, said that occasionally the Amazon rain forest a butterfly wing vibration, and perhaps two weeks later will cause a tornado in Texas.
the butterfly effect is that the very small changes in initial conditions continued to enlarge after its future status will cause a very great difference. Little things can be confusing, and some small things, such as by amplification system, then an organization, a country is very important to not confused.
2, frog phenomenon: a frog into hot water directly into the pot, because of its sensitive response to adverse environmental will quickly jump out the pot outside. If a frog into a pot of cold water and slowly heated, the frog will not immediately jump out of the pot, the water temperature gradually increased the ultimate outcome is to be boiled frog died because of high water temperature, etc. the frog can not stand, it was too late, or that there is no ability to jump out the pot outside.
frog phenomenon tells us that a number of mutation events, they often cause people to alert, and prone to cause deadly it is in the self- feel-good circumstances, the gradual deterioration of the actual situation, there is no clear detection.
3, crocodiles rule: its intention is assumed a crocodile bite your feet, if you try to break free of your hand to foot, crocodile will bite your legs with both hands. The more you struggle, the more to be bitten. So, if crocodile bite your feet, your only way is to sacrifice one foot.
such as in stock market, crocodiles rule is: when you find yourself trading in the direction away from the market, must immediately stop, without any delay and shall not have any luck.
4, catfish effect: In the past, sardines in very low survival rate during transportation. after it was found that if put a catfish in the sardines, the situation is somewhat improved, the survival rate will be greatly improved. This is why it?
the original to a stranger in catfish the environment, will be ;, naturally, very nervous, speed swimming. This problem is solved hypoxia sardines, and sardines, will not die.
5, herding: sheep where to go, followed by sheep to follow where to go.
herding stock investment was first a term mainly refers to the investors in the transaction process in learning and imitation phenomenon, led them to trade in a certain period of time the same stock.
6, hedgehogs rule: two sleepy hedgehog, as cold and owned together. may be because their body is long with spines, so they left some distance, but can not stand another cold, so get together. After a frustrating, two hedgehogs has finally found a suitable distance: not only the warmth of each other without getting access to each other by rolling.
hedgehog law mainly refers to interpersonal communication in and can not tell a person more accurate time, so they will watch the people lose confidence in accurate time.
watch law in business management gives us a very intuitive inspiration, is the same person or the same organization can not use two different methods, can not set two different goals, and even each individual can not be two people to simultaneously command, or will the business or personal loss.
8, the broken windows theory: a house If the window is broken, no one to fix it, repeat it soon, other windows will be broken somehow; a wall, if there had not been washed a number of graffiti, and soon, the walls covered with a mess on, bear into the what purpose; a very clean place, people taking out the trash sorry, but once litter on the ground appears, people will not hesitate to throw, did not feel ashamed.
9, twenty-eight law (Pareto's law) : 19th century early 20th century Italian economist Pareto that in any group of things, the most important and only a small part, about 20%, though the majority of the remaining 80%, but it is secondary. About 80% of social wealth is concentrated in the hands of 20%, while 80% of people with only 20% of the social wealth. This statistical imbalance in the social, economic and life everywhere, this is the twenty-eight law.
twenty-eight rules tell us, do not mean to analyze, process and look at the problem, business and management to seize the vital few; to identify those who can provide a 80% profit, but only 20% of total key customers, to enhance its services to achieve a multiplier effect; business leaders to work seriously on the classification analysis, it is necessary to solve the main effort on key issues, focus on major projects.
10, bucket theory: composition of the bucket If the length of wood missing, then the bucket of water is not determined Sheng was the longest piece of wood, but it depends on the shortest piece of wood.
11, Matthew: too much effect, days, the owner will make one of the following two options: throw away the cage, or buy back on a bird cage. This is the cage logic. The process is simple, imagine you are the owner of the room, as long as people entered the room and saw the cage, they can not help but ask you: : inertia of thinking is to take the time. So life and work can be seen training in logical thinking how important it is.
2, the broken windows effect
psychology there is a phenomenon called the said that a house if the windows broke, no one to fix it, soon separated, the other windows will be broken somehow; a wall, if not cleansed some graffiti, and soon, the wall covered with a mess on , unsightly things. a very clean place, people would be embarrassed taking out the trash, but once the litter on the ground appears, people will not hesitate to throw, did not feel ashamed. It was very strange phenomenon.
psychologists is the bad in the end.
anything bad, if not stop off at the beginning, the formation of culture, change can get rid of, as if the river bank, a small gap is not timely repair, dams can collapse, causing the loss of millions of times.
disorder is actually the result of crime, New York City in the 80's when the rush is really everywhere, every day not to kill, in broad daylight to be afraid of walking in the street. not to mention the subway, car dirty, everywhere painted a dirty sentence, on the subway, feel insecure. although I have not been seized, but professors are people in broad daylight, struck a note Sap, blind, from the end of his research career, Standard color for many years talk about me, not alone to New York. New York city and the city recently raised a lot of reputation, so I am quite surprised that a city has been sinking, can escape from the dead, and to push.
So when I went out to meet, met a criminologist, one immediately to him for advice, the original New York City is the last book with the broken window effect in terms of theory, first to improve the criminal environment in which people is not easy crime-Hyde Budao slowly return to order.
Although this approach was criticized as being slow, a clean start, and will not ride the white people who buy tickets shackled with handcuffs in a row standing on the platform, open to the public declaration of the Government's determination to rectify and found very effective.
police found that people do not really compare the occasion in a clean crime, also found that fare evasion rewarding grasp, because each of those seven had a fare evasion was wanted, a twenty in there carrying weapons, so the police are willing to grasp fare evasion very seriously, which make criminals afraid to fare evasion, did not dare go out with weapons to avoid more harm than good, runs the risk. This New York City from the smallest, the easiest place to proceed to break the criminal link of (chain), so this vicious cycle can not continue.
3, diffusion of responsibility effect
on at 15:20 on March 13, outside an apartment in New York before a man named Juno younger than white women between the end of the bar on the way home from work assassination . When she cried out in despair: crime. When she yelled, the nearby residents and the light switch, the murderer has escaped. when she thinks has nothing to do, go back to their home upstairs, the killer again appeared before her, to kill her on the stairs on. In the process, even though she shouted for help, her neighbors, at least 38 to the window to watch, but no one to rescue her, no one even called the police. The matter caused a stir in New York society, but also caused the attention of social psychologists and thinking. It is considered a large number of bystanders neglecting the phenomenon known as diffusion of responsibility effect.
Responsibility dispersion effect for the formation of the reasons for the large number of experimental psychologists and the survey found that: this phenomenon can not just ...
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